ECFD workshop, 9th edition, 2026

Description

• Event from 19th of January to 30th of January 2026
• Location: Centre Sportif de Normandie, Houlgate, near Caen (14)
• Two types of sessions:
  • common technical presentations: roadmaps, specific points
  • mini-workshops. Potential workshops are listed below
• Free of charge
• Participants from academics, HPC center/experts and industry are welcome
• The number of participants is limited to 80.

• Organizers
  • Guillaume Balarac (LEGI), Simon Mendez (IMAG), Pierre Bénard, Vincent Moureau, Léa Voivenel (CORIA).

News

• 22/09/2025: First announcement of the 9th Extreme CFD Workshop & Hackathon !
• 15/11/2025: Deadline to submit your project

Thematics / Mini-workshops

To be announced...

Projects

The projects will be selected after the end of the submission phase (end of November).

Numerics & User Interface - M. Bernard (LEGI), G. Lartigue (CORIA) & S. Mendez (IMAG)

N1 - Improving ICS robustness and accuracy - M. Bernard (LEGI), G. Lartigue (CORIA), G. Balarac (LEGI) & T. Berthelon (LEGI)

Bad quality meshes generally lead to larger numerical errors when solving partial differential equations. This project focused on improving the accuracy and robustness of the incompressible Navier-Stokes solver (ICS). We investigated the sources of discrepancy introduced at each step of the algorithm, with particular attention to the consequences of the coexistence of two discrete velocity representations: (i) the convective flux ${\vec {u}}\cdot {\vec {n}}\,dS$ and (ii) the transported nodal velocity field $u^{n}$. Although these quantities are equivalent at the continuous level, this equivalence no longer holds in the discrete setting. In particular, only the convective velocity strictly satisfies the divergence-free constraint after solving the Poisson problem for the pressure field. During this two-week workshop, we developed a new correction strategy for the nodal velocity field in order to enforce consistency with the convective velocity and improve the overall behavior of the solver.

N3 - Shock & discontinuity treatment for Lattice-Boltzmann solvers - I. Tsetoglou (M2P2), W. Bessem (M2P2), H. Merley (M2P2) & S. Zhao (M2P2)

Lattice—Boltzmann methods (LBM) have traditionally been applied to weakly compressible flows; however, recent developments have extended their applicability to fully compressible regimes. In such flow configurations, shock waves and contact discontinuities naturally arise. To properly capture these features in a discretized framework, artificial diffusion mechanisms are commonly introduced to smooth discontinuities over a limited number of grid points. In this project, the hybrid LBM solver ProLB was employed. In this framework, the mass and momentum equations are solved using an LBM formulation, while the total energy equation is discretized using a finite-volume (FV) approach with consistent spatial and temporal discretization. The primary objective of the work was to develop and implement an artificial diffusion strategy suitable for hybrid LBM/FV solvers. Shock waves were detected with a Jameson-type pressure-based sensor, while contact discontinuities were identified with a temperature-based sensor. The pressure-based sensor was scaled to obtain a kinematic viscosity contribution, which was incorporated into the LBM collision relaxation time. Similarly, the temperature-based sensor was scaled to define an artificial thermal conductivity, which was added to the FV discretization of the total energy equation. A set of validation cases—including the Sod shock tube at various pressure ratios, a 2D Riemann problem, and the interaction of a shock wave with a helium bubble in air—was performed. The results demonstrate that the hybrid LBM approach is capable of accurately capturing shocks and contact discontinuities, even on relatively coarse meshes, while avoiding spurious Gibbs oscillations.

N5 - Dorothy: Toward Fully Distributed Implementation - A. Vergnaud (LOMC), M. Roperch (LOMC) & G. Pinon (LOMC)

Dorothy is a Vortex Particle Method CFD code for turbine wakes. Its parallel performance needs to be improved when large number of particles is used (e.g. multi-turbines farm cases or far-wake studies). Several limitations are observed due to lacks in terms of memory, structure of data, parallel implementation, etc… To overcome these problems, the possibility of another code structure/architecture (fully parallel and scalable), even for large number of particles, needs to be investigated. The aim of this project is to explore the use of the library AMReX (https://amrex-codes.github.io/amrex/overview.html) which provides a large toolbox to manage massively parallel block-structured AMR applications (mesh data structure, particle data structure, load balancing, processors communications, etc...).

Some tests have been performed to study AMReX performances. In particular, a scalability test has been performed over a tutorial particle method case (Particles In Cells tutorial code), upgraded up to 134 millions of particles (which, for now, is much higher than the number of particles used with Dorothy). A good scalability has been measured, better than with Dorothy: over 75% on 800 cores (on CRIANN). These results are encouraging and suggest good performance when the AMReX library will be used to implement the Vortex Particle Method.

N6 - Relaxation of the IBM stability constraint - PL. Martin (IMAG) & S. Mendez (IMAG)

Many simulations done in the YALES2BIO framework involve fluid-structure interactions handled with the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM). This model allows for the fluid/solid coupling, with the forces from the solid acting as a source term in the Navier-Stokes equations. In some cases for red blood cells simulations, and for most cases for von Willebrand Factor simulations, the governing time step is the force time step. When this is the case, we also notice artifacts in the fluid velocity and pressure fields. The robustness of our IBM implementation was improved for embedded surfaces by shifting our regularization/interpolation kernels away from the wall in case we work with an embedded solid. Since these simulations are done at low Reynolds and CFL number (0.01 - 0.001), the stability constraint was relaxed by doing substeps without: 1. advancing the convective velocity, 2. correcting the velocity to make it divergence-free. The artifacts showing when solids are a lot stiffer than the fluid viscous forces were reduced by projecting the regularized solid forces into a divergence-free space.

U1 - Yales2 Trame Editor, toward a fully featured graphical user interface for YALES2 - L. Korzeczek (GDTech), T-P. Luu (GDTech), S. Meynet (GDTech), M. Cailler (Safran), R. Letournel (Safran), G. Lartigue (CORIA)

Yales2 features an initial version of a graphical interface. This version enables users to execute a series of processes on a local machine, covering data preparation, computation, and post-processing for basic aerodynamic and hydrodynamic calculations.

To facilitate industrialization and support advanced users in applying it to complex projects, it is essential to extend this interface to a broader range of physical applications. This includes enabling the implementation of coupled or chained calculations and allowing communication with remote servers.

The work conducted during this ECFD have significantly strengthened the current architecture, enhancing performance, modularity, and the capacity to accommodate complex scenarios. Additionally, new widgets have been developed, and an initial draft for connecting to a remote server has been initiated.

Turbulence - L. Voivenel (CORIA), P. Bénard, (CORIA) & T. Berthelon (LEGI)

T1 - Concurrent Precursor-Successor with Successor automated mesh convergence - P. Launay (CORIA), L. Voivenel (CORIA) & P. Benard (CORIA)

Using a periodic precursor simulation remains the more accurate method for generating realistic fully developed atmospheric turbulence for a successor simulation. However, it is also the most expensive one. Only the sequential method was implemented in YALES2, involving 2 separate simulation running one after the other, and relying on a lookup table as a link between the two. This project proposed to reduce the cost of the method by implementing a concurrent version where both simulations run in the mean time.

This was achieved using existing CWIPI developments. Another issue arising in such periodic precursors is the creation of spanwise inhomogeneities namely "streaks". This issue has been addressed using CWIPI by replacing the streamwise periodic boundary conditions by an internal coupling between an internal plane of the precursor and its inlet where it is being recycled. A spanwise shift of the velocity field is applied at the inlet preventing the generation of "streaks". A flow rate correction is also applied for preventing bulk velocity drift as the recycling procedure induces a 1 iteration delay. Note that this method is more efficient and more accurate than the Recycling method already existing in YALES2 and relying on particles. Finally, the method has been furthermore improved using Traction free outlet boundary conditions in both precursor and successor domains allowing the reduction of domain length.

Overall the cost of the whole workflow has been greatly reduced and the formation of streaks has been prevented. The nature of the turbulent structures before and after this modification needs further investigation, as well as the use of other streamwise boundary conditions (INLET/INLET, ...), and are the subject of current work.

T2 - Discharge movement model for breakdown prediction - S. Wang (EM2C), T. Kabir (EM2C), E. Roger (EM2C), C. Laux (EM2C), B. Fiorina (EM2C), Y. Bechane (CORIA) & V. Moureau (CORIA)

A well-established approach for performing 3-D simulations of plasma-assisted combustion at reduced computational cost is the use of phenomenological models for Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP) plasma discharges. So far, these models have assumed a static cylindrical shape for the discharge energy deposition region. However, the breakdown location is governed by the flow velocity, electron density, and reduced electric field, which are neither static nor uniform. As a result, the discharge may exhibit elongation, translation, or rotation. This project aimed to implement a simplified physics-based discharge movement model using the reduced electric field, electron mobility, and an electron density-like variable. Most of the model was successfully implemented, except for the final step, in which the field line corresponding to the maximum restrike probability must be constructed to determine the new plasma restrike zone.

T3 - Vorticity model for discharge-induced flow dynamics - S. Wang (EM2C), T. Kabir (EM2C), E. Roger (EM2C), C. Laux (EM2C), B. Fiorina (EM2C), Y. Bechane (CORIA) & V. Moureau (CORIA)

A well-established approach for performing 3-D simulations of plasma-assisted combustion at reduced computational cost is the use of phenomenological models for Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP) plasma discharges. These models can be implemented within a low-Mach number framework to further reduce the cost. However, doing so removes the acoustic necessary to resolve discharge-induced flow dynamics. Recently, Roger et al. (2025) proposed a model using physics-based vorticity patches to recover these flow dynamics. This project aimed to implement this model in the low-Mach number framework of YALES2 (YALES2-VDS). The model, formulated as an external forcing term in the momentum balance equation, was successfully implemented. However, simulations performed with YALES2-VDS without the vorticity model exhibit the formation of vortices in regions where none are expected. A possible source of error may be related to the treatment of the hydrodynamic pressure gradient and the associated baroclinic torque term in the vorticity equation. The behavior of this term requires further investigation before the viability of the vorticity model within a low-Mach number framework can be properly assessed.

T4 - Wind field reconstruction based on LiDAR measurements - T. Cousin (LMI), P. Benard (CORIA), G. Lartigue (CORIA) & JB. Lagaert (LMO)

Wind turbines experience significant loads due to the wind pressure exerted on their structure. Accurate prediction of wind turbine behavior is essential for effective management. Simulations use wind data as input, and their realism can be improved by incorporating wind profiles derived from on-site LiDAR measurements. The scope of this project is to provide a suitable mathematical framework phrased as a minimization problem under incompressibility constraint to reconstruct the wind field from the LiDAR dataset. The entire framework has been developed using the YALES2 scalar solver, with the objective of extending it to the NS solver under the low-Mach number and constant-density approximation.

T5 – Hybrid RANS/LES based on dual mesh and LES of fluctuations - G. Balarac (LEGI), T. Berthelon (LEGI) & R. Letournel (Safran)

This project is devoted to a fully coupled hybrid RANS/LES strategy based on a dual-mesh framework, where the mean flow is solved by RANS on a mesh tailored for the mean field, while only the turbulent fluctuations are resolved by LES on a second mesh. In addition to deterministic drift (relaxation) terms that drive the resolved velocities in each model toward target fields provided by the other one (RANS mean for LES, LES statistics for RANS), a stochastic forcing built from RANS turbulent quantities is introduced in the LES of fluctuations. These combined forcing terms allow a controlled generation of fluctuations at the RANS/LES interface and reduce the sensitivity to interface location. Two-way coupling is achieved by feeding back the Reynolds stresses computed in the LES into the RANS equations in the resolved regions. The approach is demonstrated on turbulent pipe flows, including a fully coupled simulation at high Reynolds number (Re = 44,000), showing that the method enables wall-resolved hybrid simulations at a fraction of the cost of a full LES.

T6 - Injection of coherent structures for LES inlet condition - T. Berthelon (LEGI), G. Balarac (LEGI), R. Letournel (Safran), P. Launay (CORIA), L. Voivenel (CORIA) & P. Benard (CORIA)

The boundary conditions of an LES calculation play a key role in the predictability of simulations. In particular, the turbulence injected at the inlet can strongly influence the development of turbulence. The aim of this project was to extend the turbulence injection capabilities of the YALES2 code. On the one hand, the historical strategy of injecting synthetic homogeneous isotropic turbulence calculated from a Passot-Pouquet spectrum model has been enhanced by enabling the generation of richer spectra (Pope and Von-Karman-Pao spectra model). On the other hand, the Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM), proposed by Jarrin et al (2008), was implemented. This method consists of generating a coherent velocity field that respects a target Reynolds tensor and a characteristic size of the large turbulent scale. To do this, the velocity field is generated by summing the contributions of several eddies whose position is the result of a random process. First, these new strategies were compared in the case of turbulent flow within a pipe. The SEM and the injection of a richer spectrum show a real gain in terms of the flow establishment length in this case. Finally, the new SEM method was tested on an urban flow case and in a zonal RANS/LES coupling context.

T7 - Integration of a bending blade method with Dorothy - E. Mascrier (LOMC), M. Roperch (LOMC), A. Vergnaud (LOMC) & G. Pinon (LOMC)

The size of offshore wind turbine blades has been steadily increasing over the years. Longer blades result in larger structural displacements during operation. Blade deformation has therefore become a key design parameter for large rotors. In this context, the present project focuses on coupling an in-house structural beam solver, based on Timoshenko beam theory, with an in-house Lagrangian vortex particle solver called Dorothy. The project was initiated during ECFD8, where static blade deformation was implemented. This year, Dorothy has been fully dynamically coupled with the structural solver. The first results show good agreement with the literature in terms of blade deflection and aerodynamic forces for the NREL 5MW rotor. This work will be continued after ECFD9, with additional simulations performed to verify the results against other numerical approaches, such as YALES2.

T9 - LES-based aero-servo-elastic simulation of wind turbines - E. Muller (CORIA & SGRE), P. Benard (CORIA), F. Houtin-Mongrolle (SGRE), B. Duboc (SGRE) & H. Hamdani (GDTech)

The YALES2 library includes an advanced modular implementation of the Actuator Line Method (ALM). This approach remains state-of-the-art when performing an LES-based analysis of a wind turbine wake. The method also provides an accurate assessment of the aerodynamic loads applied on the turbine as well as the structural deformation when YALES2 is coupled to an external library/code. In the past years two coupling libraries have been developed, one to BHawC (SGRE certification tool) and one to OpenFast (NREL open access/open source tool). To improve the user and developer experience, a generalization and uniformization of the two coupling has been conducted in this project. Extensive tests and validations were performed to guarantee the non-regression.

The ALM and ADM (via ALADIN model) frameworks in the YALES2 code were thus enhanced to benefit from these couplings. Such method allows to take part of the external structural solver and controller in single and multiple turbines configurations. Updates were also initiated directly in the coupling libraries to benefit from the latest developments made in the servo-structural solvers, thus allowing to simulate modern academic wind turbines (with OpenFAST) or industrial flagships (with BHawC) in operation.

Furthermore, works on the Risoe Dynamic stall model, initiated during ECFD6, have been achieved. The implementation and integration of this model has been continued, ported to the parallel-optimized ALM framework, and tested and validated on different configurations.

Miscellaneous tasks related to the ALM code pipeline coverage and documentation have been improved.

T10 – Numerical simulation of engine rotors - L. Bricteux (UMONS), G. Balarac (LEGI), Y. Bechane (CORIA) & P. Benard (CORIA)

This project investigated the capability of the explicit compressible solver in YALES2 to simulate the fan stage of a turbofan engine. The selected configuration is the CATANA rotor, developed at École Centrale de Lyon, for which experimental data are available. The mesh of this complex geometry was generated using Gmsh and YALES2 and consists of approximately 220 million tetrahedral elements. The setup of the simulation with a moving mesh framework was carried out during the research stay. During this work, wall boundary conditions were improved, and it was identified that the near-wall turbulence modeling strategy could be enhanced by introducing a compressible wall model based on the work of Debroeyer et al (JFM 2024). Initial simulations have been performed and have produced promising results. The next step will be to integrate mesh adaptation and the new compressible wall model, and to compare numerical diagnostics with experimental measurements in order to validate both the modeling approach and further validate the solver.

Combustion - Y. Bechane (CORIA), R. Letournel (Safran) & S. Dillon (Safran)

C3 - LES of the thermal degradation of a composite material - A. Grenouilloux (ONERA), K. Bioche (CORIA), N. Dellinger (ONERA) and R. Letournel (Safran)

In order to certify new composite materials for aerospace applications, it is essential to understand their degradation dynamics under severe thermal loads. The ONERA FIRE test bed was designed for this purpose. This burner generates a premixed air propane flame that reproduces a thermal flux consistent with certification standards near the impinging region. During tests, a strong emission of pyrolysis gases and a secondary diffusion flame are observed, and these gases can self ignite in regions not directly exposed to the primary flame. The project aimed to improve the modeling of this burner using Large-Eddy Simulation and reduce the overall computational cost. A reduced kinetic mechanism was derived with the Brookesia library, enabling the modeling of both premixed and diffusion flames to take into account appropriate chemistry at the front face. Used in FIRE simulations, this mechanism achieved a CPU speed-up of a factor of two compared with the previous scheme. A second reduced mechanism was generated to target auto ignition of pyrolysis gas mixtures that can occur at the rear face, and a dedicated test case was designed. Recent developments in the CWIPI interface allow for mesh adaptation during coupling between YALES2 and MoDeTheC solvers.

C4 - Flamelet-Progress Variable approach in LBM solvers - U. Chikkabikkodu (M2P2), D. Nouembissi (M2P2), I. Mir (M2P2), H. Meunier (M2P2), I. Tsetoglou (M2P2), S. Zhao (M2P2), P. Boivin (M2P2), J. L. Consalvi (IUSTI), R. Mercier (Safran) & S. Dillon (Safran)

This project extended the capabilities of ProLB to support flamelet-based combustion modelling by implementing the flamelet progress variable (FPV) approach together with FTACLES capabilities in our LBM solvers - closing a long-standing gap, since table generation and usage had never been available in ProLB. During the workshop, transport of a passive scalar was implemented and the SDR was modelled using the passive-scalar gradient, which currently form the two control variables used in the flamelet approach. The implementation was verified through simulations of a 2D laminar methane-air jet diffusion flame. In parallel, for FTACLES we successfully generated both premixed and non-premixed tables with TECERACT (thanks to Renaud and Samuel), and converted them into a format compatible with our code structure. A progress-variable transport equation was also implemented where the diffusion, source and correction terms were read directly from the tabulation. Validation was performed on a 1D CH4/air premixed flame with 10 sampling points within the filter width, accurately recovering the flame speed and demonstrating successful coupling between the LBM solver and the tabulated chemistry.

C5 - NOx prediction with a hybrid FTACLES-Virtual chemistry approach - É. Espada (EM2C), M. Préteseille (EM2C), N. Darabiha (EM2C), B. Fiorina (EM2C)

Filtered Tabulated Chemistry is a powerfull yet very cost efficient tool to compute flame structure and its stabilisation. However, it is unable to predict NO concentration wihtout adding additional coordinates in the manifold or by using premixed-flamelet based additional model and tabulation like NOMANI. Virtual chemistry on the other hand is a chemistry reduction method that uses machine learning algorithm to reduce drastically the number of species and reaction. This reduced scheme is then transported like any detailed chemistry mechanism. Although the method is also able to recover flame strucure and pollutants, unlike FTACLES, transported chemistry lacks a turbulent combustion model to be applied on realistics industrial LES mesh grids. This present works aims to couple FTACLES and virtual chemistry in a one way coupling: FTACLES will compute flame structure (density, Temperature, velocity field) thanks to its turbulent combusiton model, and will then feed a virtual mechanism with the "main" grid information in order to compute the pollutant informations.

C6 - Modelling laminar & turbulent flames with virtual chemistry - M. Préteseille (EM2C), É. Espada (EM2C), N. Darabiha (EM2C), B. Fiorina (EM2C), S. Dillon (Safran), M. Cailler (Safran)

A virtual chemistry framework yielding global-type mechanisms has recently been developed and validated, allowing accurate prediction of flame structures at a substantially reduced computational cost. By coupling virtual chemistry with Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) strategies, this work assesses the ability to dynamically resolve reactive zones while maintaining affordable computational costs in high-fidelity LES of industrial burners. A second objective of ECFD9 was to disseminate the virtual schemes generated using SuperVision, a Python-based automated optimization tool built on Cantera. An optimized hydrogen virtual mechanism was successfully implemented and validated in the Lattice–Boltzmann solver ProLB, demonstrating the ease with which these standardized schemes can be integrated into existing reactive flow solvers, and the spread potential of this new chemistry reduction strategy in the combustion community. Finally, the NOx virtual submechanism for hydrogen combustion was improved to accurately capture both thermal and prompt NO formation in hydrogen flames.

C8 - Optimization of chemical source terms stiff integration - G. Lartigue (CORIA), Y. Bechane (CORIA), K. Bioche (CORIA), Q. Cerutti (CORIA), M. El Moatamid (CORIA), M. Laignel (CORIA)

Integration of chemical source terms remains computationally expensive in configurations that rely on detailed chemistry approach. This project aimed to reduce that cost by (1) modifying the CVODE integration strategy and (2) applying source-term clustering. A first attempt was to modify CVODE’s internal step-size control strategy but it produced only minor gains as some unnecessary integration steps still occurred, mainly in the unburned gases region. This has finally been addressed by enforcing an initial step based on the CFD time step which reduced the computational cost by a factor 2 in these regions. More importantly, relaxing the relative and absolute tolerances used to determine the accuracy of the method reduced the computational cost by approximately 40% while introducing negligible error in physical properties and flame topology for a 1D premixed flame. These results were confirmed on three methane flame configurations: a 1D premixed flame, a 2D triple flame, and the PRECCINSTA burner. Numerical experiments on the PRECCINSTA burner show a reduction in integration cost by a factor of 2.5 using the adjusted CVODE strategy and by a factor of 4.4 when that strategy is combined with clustering.

Mesh adaptation - A. Grenouilloux (ONERA) & G. Balarac (LEGI)

M2 – Dynamic of SWBLI in Supersonic Propulsive Nozzle Under Hot Gas Conditions - F.A. Rojas Segovia (CORIA), Y. Bechane (CORIA) & L. Voivenel (CORIA)

In this project, a STBLE (Solution Thin Boundary Layer Equations) wall model was implemented in YALES2. The focus was to add and compare this model with the pre-existing wall models in the code, such as the logarithmic law and Duprat, in the context of supersonic nozzles. To achieve this, 2D simulations of supersonic compressible flow over a flat plate were conducted as an initial step and validation. These initial simulations provided good insights for future research on the dynamics of Shock Wave and Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI) in supersonic nozzles operating with both cold and hot gas conditions.

M3 – Criterion for dynamic mesh adaptation in LES - H.Lam (LEGI), G. Balarac (LEGI), V. Moureau (CORIA), R. Barbera (LEGI), P. Launay (CORIA) & L. Voivenel (CORIA)

This project proposes a new criterion for dynamic mesh adaptation in LES, designed to overcome the limitations of static LES mesh convergence (static AMC) strategies based on time-averaged quantities. In both static and dynamic contexts, a cell-based Reynolds number is first used as a DNS criterion to identify regions where all turbulent scales must be resolved. For LES, the DNS constraint is relaxed when the integral scale is sufficiently larger than the local cut-off scale, so that a meaningful GS/SGS separation exists. In static AMC, this condition can be evaluated from statistical quantities. In dynamic mesh adaptation, however, such statistics are not available. To overcome this limitation, the proposed approach relies on the assumption that the instantaneous dissipation is predominantly the turbulent dissipation. The integral scale is then estimated from local instantaneous quantities, allowing a dynamic evaluation of the scale-separation criterion. This provides a continuous transition between DNS-like and LES-like regions during the simulation. The method is complemented by a laminar–turbulent discrimination based on a "sigma-sensor" (inspired by the sigma SGS model), enabling the identification of purely laminar zones. The approach has been assessed on a turbulent jet and on flow around a three-dimensional cylinder. Ongoing work focuses on improving near-wall treatments, in particular through prismatic layers generation on boundaries coupled to mesh adaptation and the introduction of dedicated kernels to stabilize the wall mesh and limit excessive boundary motion.

M4 – Improve mesh adaptation tools - B. Andrieu (ONERA), C. Benazet (ONERA), N. Dellinger (ONERA), G. Janodet (ONERA) & B. Maugars (ONERA)

Building upon the foundations established during ECFD7 and ECFD8 — which focused on periodic CAD-based mesh generation in EGADS and periodic parallel metric gradation — our latest developments for ECFD9 mark a significant step toward a fully automated, CAD-based periodic remeshing algorithm. First, the parallel hierarchical remeshing algorithm prototype was improved by using a more elaborate ownership system in ParaDiGM to drive the mechanism that merges/dissociates the periodic interface mesh before/after the remeshing pass. Second, the ability of the refine library (developed at NASA) to remesh non-manifold 3D configurations was investigated. Changes have been made to refine's operators to unlock remeshing near the merged periodic interface in 3D, which yielded promising results, but more work is needed to achieve industrial robustness. To enable CAD-based projections on both sides of the merged periodic interface, an algorithm for building a coherent periodized CAD model was implemented in the EGADS library. This CAD-based periodic remeshing algorithm was validated in serial through a numerical simulation of the 2D LS89 turbine blade using the SoNICS solver. The results demonstrate that the mesh effectively adapts to capture the strongly anisotropic flow features while strictly respecting the periodic constraints and the geometric support. Non-manifold mesh adaptation was applied to the ablation of a plate up to burnthrough, first in 2D and then in 3D. The burnthrough detection workflow was improved by developing a Python mini-toolbox for basic geometric queries, allowing the removal of non-physical solid fragments in the middle of the hole after burnthrough. The MMG library was also evaluated for its ability to handle non-manifold meshes, and it appears more suitable than the Refine library for this configuration. The workflow is satisfactory in 2D but needs improvement in 3D to continue the simulation after burnthrough.

M5 – Anisotropic mesh adaptation for multiphase flows - Robin Barbera (LEGI), Manuel Bernard (LEGI), Giovanni Ghigliotti (LEGI) & Roxane Letrounel (Safran)

This project investigates anisotropic mesh adaptation strategies for multiphase flows, with the objective of reducing computational cost while preserving an accurate representation of fluid interfaces. The approach relies on curvature-based anisotropic remeshing, where mesh anisotropy is locally controlled from interface geometry to ensure a prescribed discretization angle. A key limitation of anisotropic coarsening along interfaces is mass loss induced by interpolation during remeshing, which increases with tangential coarsening and therefore directly conflicts with anisotropic strategies. During ECFD9, this issue was addressed by introducing a high-order interpolation scheme for interface variables, replacing the default linear interpolation. The results show that high-order interpolation significantly reduces mass loss, allowing for much higher mesh anisotropy at the interface, at the cost of a limited computational overhead. In addition, the curvature-based adaptation strategy was extended from mean curvature to the full curvature tensor, enabling the mesh to align with the two principal curvatures of three-dimensional interfaces. The approach was demonstrated on canonical multiphase configurations, including droplet advection and rising bubble cases, showing substantial reductions in mesh size compared to isotropic simulations. Ongoing perspectives include coupling curvature-based adaptation with feature-based anisotropic remeshing to better capture turbulent structures away from the interface.

M7 – Increased mesh anisotropy for laminar and RANS applications - R. Barbera (LEGI), J.-B. Lagaert (LMO), T. Berthelon (LEGI), R. Letournel (Safran), M. Bernard (LEGI) & G. Balarac (LEGI)

This project addresses the limited level of mesh anisotropy obtained with current feature-based anisotropic remeshing criteria in steady laminar and RANS simulations in YALES2. While recent development of anisotropic mesh adaptation have significantly reduced computational cost, the achieved aspect ratios remain moderate (AR < 50), well below the levels commonly reported in the RANS literature (AR > 100). The objective of the project was to identify the main mechanisms that limit anisotropy in practice, including numerical noise in the resolved quantities, inaccuracies in Hessian computation, the formulation of the criterion itself, ... During ECFD9, the current anisotropic criterion applied to a vectorial quantity of interest (QOI) implemented in YALES2 was reformulated as the minimization of a residual-based error estimator. A Newton optimization strategy was introduced to assess whether the theoretical optimum of the criterion differs from criterion use in practice.The approach was analyzed on the Kovasznay flow, and the optimal solution was shown to be very close to the criterion currently used in YALES2. Comparisons with alternative criteria from the literature and based on scalar QOI further demonstrated similar mesh convergence, highlighting the robustness of the YALES2 approach and its main advantage: a flow-independent, non-dimensional target error. Ongoing investigations focus on quantifying the influence of numerical noise in the resolved quantities and Hessian discretization on the achievable mesh aspect ratios.

Two-phase flows - J. Carmona (CORIA), N. Gasnier (Safran) & I. Tsetoglou (M2P2)

TP2 - Lattice Boltzmann method for free-surface two-phase flow - J. Lu (M2P2), Y. Mediene (M2P2), I. Tsetoglou (M2P2) & S. Zhao (M2P2)

The project aims to reproduce and improve a two-equation free-surface Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) model for two-phase flows. The original free-surface model features a sharp interface and good numerical stability, but it neglects the gas phase and is therefore limited to two-phase flows in which gas effects are negligible. The recently developed two-equation free-surface LBM model (Liu Y., Sun D., Zhang Z., et al., Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(3)) incorporates the gas phase, enabling interactions between the two phases. However, this model suffers from a lack of mass conservation and insufficient accuracy in curvature computation. To overcome these limitations, an auxiliary distribution function is introduced to track mass evolution, thereby decoupling mass conservation from pressure evolution and restoring global mass conservation. In parallel, a pseudo-smoothing step is implemented to achieve more accurate calculations of interface normals and curvature. These improvements are validated through two benchmark test cases. (1) A Laplace test involving both static and advected droplets. It demonstrates exact mass conservation and a significant enhancement in surface tension modeling. (2) A two-phase Poiseuille flow. It shows good agreement with theoretical predictions, validating the viscous coupling between the two fluids. Future work will focus on improving information exchange across the interface to reduce numerical oscillations and enhance numerical stability, as well as on conducting more complex validation cases.

TP4 - Implementation of a granular temperature model - T. Ndereyimana (Université de Sherbrooke), S. Moreau (Université de Sherbrooke), Y. Dufresne (Enerkem)

In gas–solid systems such as fluidized beds, clusters of particles naturally appear. These clusters tend to exhibit a Gaussian velocity distribution around an average velocity, with a spread that depends on the local environment of the cluster. In coarse-grained DEM simulations, real particles are replaced by numerical parcels representing groups of particles in order to reduce the computational cost associated with a large number of particles. In this approach, all particles within a parcel are assumed to move at the same velocity; consequently, no velocity distribution is represented. This project focuses on comparing two approaches to model the standard deviation of the velocity distribution within a parcel: (1) a local averaging method and (2) a kinetic-theory-of-granular-flow-based methodology. The former computes the standard deviation based on the velocities of surrounding parcels, while the latter relies on two-phase flow theory in which this standard deviation is explicitly modeled. Both methodologies predict a high standard deviation in the vicinity of gas bubbles in the fluidized bed and lower values in very dense and very dilute regimes. However, the local averaging method tends to increase the computational cost by requiring the detection of neighboring parcels for each parcel.